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等圧線と風速 — 風はどこまで強くなる?Isobars and Wind Speed — How Strong Can the Wind Get?

中2 · 地学単元: 大気圧と風、海陸風・季節風Isobars and Wind Speed — How Strong Can the Wind Get? 目安 15分about 15 min
ねらいGoal:気圧差が大きいほど等圧線の間隔がせまくなり、風が強く吹くこと、そして冬は西高東低の気圧配置で北西の季節風が、夏は南高北低で南東の季節風が吹くことを理解する。Students understand that a larger pressure difference makes isobars closer together and the wind stronger, and that Japan gets a northwest monsoon in winter (high in the west, low in the east) and a southeast monsoon in summer (high in the south, low in the north).
▶ シミュレーションを開く▶ Open the simulation

1予想しよう(触る前に)Predict (before you touch anything)

  1. 同じ距離の間で気圧差が 4 hPa から 16 hPa に大きくなると、天気図の等圧線の間隔と風の強さはどうなると思いますか。If the pressure difference over the same distance grows from 4 hPa to 16 hPa, what do you think happens to the spacing of isobars on a weather map and to the wind strength?💡 等圧線は 2 hPa ごとに引かれます。同じ距離の中に何本入ることになるでしょうか。Isobars are drawn every 2 hPa. How many of them must fit into the same distance?
  2. 冬、日本付近ではどの方角から風が吹いてくると思いますか。日本海側と太平洋側ではどちらの風が強いと思いますか。In winter, from which direction do you think the wind blows around Japan? Which do you think has stronger wind: the Sea of Japan side or the Pacific side?💡 冬は大陸に高気圧ができます。風は気圧の高い所から低い所へ吹き、本州の中央には山脈があります。In winter a high-pressure area forms over the continent. Wind blows from high to low pressure, and there are mountains in the middle of Honshu.

2動かしてみようTry it

  1. 初期状態(「地表気圧差」8 hPa、「季節」冬)で、地図の等圧線・矢羽根と断面図「断面 A(日本海側)→B(太平洋側)」を見比べ、画面下の「風向」「等圧線間隔」「日本海側」「太平洋側」の値を記録する。In the starting state ("Pressure difference" 8 hPa, "Season" Winter), compare the isobars and wind barbs on the map with the cross-section ("Cross-section A (Sea of Japan side) → B (Pacific side)"), and record the "Wind from", "Isobar spacing", "Sea of Japan side" and "Pacific side" values at the bottom.
  2. 「地表気圧差」スライダーを 4 hPa → 16 hPa と動かし、地図と断面図の等圧線の間隔、矢羽根の本数、風速の数値の変化を観察する。Move the "Pressure difference" slider to 4 hPa and then 16 hPa, and observe how the isobar spacing on the map and cross-section, the number of feathers on the barbs, and the wind speeds change.
  3. 地図上で「シベリア高気圧」(高)と「低気圧」(低)の位置、北を示す矢印、矢羽根の向きを確かめ、風がどの方角から吹いているかを読み取る。On the map, find the "Siberian High" (H), the "Low" (L), the north arrow, and the direction of the wind barbs, and read which direction the wind is coming from.
  4. 「季節」スライダーを夏に切り替え、高気圧(太平洋高気圧)の位置、風向、日本海側と太平洋側の風速がどう変わるかを観察する。夏でも「地表気圧差」を 4・8・16 hPa と変えてみる。Switch the "Season" slider to Summer and observe how the position of the high (Pacific High), the wind direction, and the wind speeds on the Sea of Japan side and Pacific side change. Also try 4, 8 and 16 hPa for "Pressure difference" in summer.

3確かめようCheck

  1. 冬で気圧差を 4 → 8 → 16 hPa と変えたとき、等圧線の間隔はどうなりましたか。In winter, how did the isobar spacing change as the pressure difference went 4 → 8 → 16 hPa?→ 350 km → 175 km → 87.5 km と、気圧差が2倍になるごとに間隔が半分になり、等圧線が混み合った。It went 350 km → 175 km → 87.5 km: every time the pressure difference doubled, the spacing halved and the isobars became crowded.
  2. 冬の日本海側の風速と矢羽根の本数は、気圧差によってどう変わりましたか。In winter, how did the wind speed and number of feathers on the Sea of Japan side change with the pressure difference?→ 4 hPa で約 3.9 m/s・矢羽根2本、8 hPa で約 7.8 m/s・4本、16 hPa で約 15.6 m/s・8本。気圧差に比例して風が強くなった(矢羽根1本 = 2 m/s)。About 3.9 m/s with 2 feathers at 4 hPa, about 7.8 m/s with 4 feathers at 8 hPa, and about 15.6 m/s with 8 feathers at 16 hPa. The wind got stronger in proportion to the pressure difference (1 feather = 2 m/s).
  3. 冬と夏で、風向はどうなっていましたか。What was the wind direction in winter and in summer?→ 冬は西のシベリア高気圧から東の低気圧へ向かう「北西の風」(北西季節風)、夏は南の太平洋高気圧から北へ向かう「南東の風」(南東季節風)だった。In winter it was "Wind from NW" (the NW monsoon), blowing from the Siberian High in the west toward the low in the east. In summer it was "Wind from SE" (the SE monsoon), blowing from the Pacific High in the south toward the north.
  4. 同じ「地表気圧差」8 hPa で、冬と夏の風の強さを比べるとどうでしたか。日本海側と太平洋側ではどちらが強かったですか。With the same "Pressure difference" setting of 8 hPa, how did winter and summer winds compare? Which side was stronger?→ 冬は日本海側 約 7.8 m/s、太平洋側 約 3.9 m/s で日本海側が強い。夏は実効気圧差が半分(4 hPa)になり、太平洋側 約 3.9 m/s、日本海側 約 1.9 m/s で全体に弱く、太平洋側のほうが強い。どちらの季節も山脈の風下側は風が弱まっていた。In winter, the Sea of Japan side had about 7.8 m/s and the Pacific side about 3.9 m/s, so the Sea of Japan side was stronger. In summer the effective pressure difference is halved (4 hPa): the Pacific side had about 3.9 m/s and the Sea of Japan side about 1.9 m/s, weaker overall with the Pacific side stronger. In both seasons the wind was weaker on the downwind (lee) side of the mountains.

4考えようThink further

  1. 天気図で等圧線が混み合っている地域では、なぜ強い風が吹くと予想できるのでしょうか。Why can we predict strong winds where isobars are crowded on a weather map?→ 等圧線の間隔がせまいということは、短い距離で気圧が大きく変わる(気圧の傾きが大きい)ということ。空気を高気圧側から低気圧側へ押す力が大きくなるので、風が強くなる。シミュレーションでも間隔が半分になると風速が2倍になった。Narrow spacing means the pressure changes a lot over a short distance (a steep pressure gradient). The force pushing air from high to low pressure is larger, so the wind is stronger. In the simulation, halving the spacing doubled the wind speed.
  2. 風は高気圧から低気圧へ向かって吹くのに、矢羽根の向きが等圧線に直角ではなく少しずれているのはなぜでしょうか。Wind blows from high to low pressure, so why are the barbs not exactly perpendicular to the isobars but turned a little?→ 地球が自転している影響で、北半球では動く空気が進行方向の右へそれるから。この作品では地表付近の風として、等圧線に直角な向きから右へ 20° ずれて吹くように描かれている。Because the Earth rotates, moving air in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected to the right. In this work, surface winds are drawn turned 20° to the right of the direction straight across the isobars.

よくある誤解Common misconceptions

用語(日本語 / English)Key terms (Japanese / English)

等圧線isobar気圧差pressure difference季節風monsoon (seasonal wind)西高東低high in the west, low in the east (winter pressure pattern)シベリア高気圧・太平洋高気圧Siberian High / Pacific High風向・風力(矢羽根)wind direction / wind strength (wind barb)

先生へFor teachers

この作品では矢羽根1本を 2 m/s とする独自の約束で描いており、日本の天気図記号の風力階級とは異なる。夏の気圧差は冬より弱い設定(スライダー値×0.5)で、山脈の風下側は風速を半分にする単純化をしている。風速は「気圧差に比例する」モデル(地衡風×0.7)なので、実際の局地的な風や地形の細かい影響は表していない。This work uses its own convention of 1 feather = 2 m/s, which differs from the wind-force scale used in Japanese weather-map symbols. The summer pressure difference is set weaker than winter (slider value × 0.5), and the wind on the lee side of the mountains is simply halved. Wind speed is modeled as proportional to the pressure difference (geostrophic wind × 0.7), so local winds and detailed terrain effects are not represented.