なぜ式が内惑と外惑で違うのか
1年あたりの公転角は地球が 360°/1、惑星が 360°/T。会合周期 S は「速い方が遅い方をちょうど1周(360°)追い越す」時間なので、
角速度の差 × S = 360° となる。
内惑星(T < 1年)は惑星の方が速い:1/S = 1/T − 1/1
外惑星(T > 1年)は地球の方が速い:1/S = 1/1 − 1/T
両方をまとめると S = 1 / |1/T − 1|(年)。
表示と計算のきまり
・公転角 θ = 360° × t / T(円軌道・等速の近似)。全惑星は t = 0 で太陽から見て同じ方向(内惑は内合、外惑は衝)から出発。
・軌道半径はケプラーの第3法則 a = T^(2/3)(天文単位)で計算し、実際の比率で描画。
・1年 = 365.25 日。日数は小数第1位、年は小数第3位、誤差は小数第2位で四捨五入して表示(内部計算は丸めない)。
・実測値:太陽から見た地球と惑星の黄経差 Δ が 0° をまたいだフレームを検出し、前後の Δ から線形補間して通過時刻を求めた値。
・◆ = 内合(内惑)/衝(外惑)、○ = 外合(内惑)/合(外惑)。
Why is the formula different for inner and outer planets?
In one year, Earth moves 360°/1 around its orbit and the planet moves 360°/T. The synodic period S is the time it takes the faster one to lap the slower one by exactly one full turn (360°),
so (difference in angular speed) × S = 360°.
Inner planet (T < 1 year): the planet is faster: 1/S = 1/T − 1/1
Outer planet (T > 1 year): Earth is faster: 1/S = 1/1 − 1/T
Both together: S = 1 / |1/T − 1| (years).
How values are shown and calculated
• Orbital angle θ = 360° × t / T (circular orbits at constant speed). At t = 0, all planets start in the same direction as seen from the Sun (inner planets at inferior conjunction, outer planets at opposition).
• Orbit radius comes from Kepler's third law, a = T^(2/3) (in astronomical units), and is drawn to true scale.
• 1 year = 365.25 days. Days are rounded to 1 decimal place, years to 3, and the error to 2 (internal calculations are not rounded).
• Measured value: the frame where the Sun-centered longitude difference Δ between Earth and the planet crosses 0° is detected, and the crossing time is found by linear interpolation between the Δ values before and after.
• ◆ = inferior conjunction (inner) / opposition (outer), ○ = superior conjunction (inner) / conjunction (outer).